Compare and Contrast the Work of Harry Harlow and Mary...

This essay will compare and contrast the work of psychologists Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth. To compare and contrast will be to emphasise the similarities and differences of both Harlow and Ainsworth’s work on understanding attachment, to which they have both made great contribution. Attachment refers to the mutually affectionate developing bond between a mother and any other caregiver (Custance 2010). It is a bond in which the infant sees the caregiver as a protective and security figure. Failing to form any type of attachment during the earliest years of childhood is thought to lead to social and emotional developmental issues that can carry on well into adult life (Custance 2010). Attachment theory was formulated by psychoanalyst†¦show more content†¦Mary Ainsworth is known for her ‘Strange Situation’ (Custance 2010) studies with children. Her theory was that the quality of an infant’s attachment depends largely on the kind of attention the i nfant has received. She observed the attachment styles of children, mostly aged between 12 and 24 months, by placing them in an environment and recording their reactions to their mothers (or primary caregivers) leaving the room and then returning. Based on these observations Ainsworth concluded that there are different types of attachment. Three types of attachment are: ‘anxious-avoidant’, where the child shows little upset with the stranger, but will avoid contact with the parent on their return. The ‘securely attached’ child is one that will show moderate levels of proximity seeking towards the parents and is upset by their departure but deals with the parents return positively, often returning to play. The third type is the ‘anxious-resistant’ child; greatly upset by the parent’s departure and on reunion seems angry and will not be comforted or picked up (Custance 2010). There are similarities in the work of both Harlow and Ainsworth on attachment. Firstly, both of them used studies demonstrating attachment beyond Bowlby’s idea of ‘cupboard love’ (Custance 2010), with Harlow’s experiment in the 1950’s giving an example of the power and strength of attachment with the monkeys sometimes returning to an abusiveShow MoreRelatedHarry Harlow1572 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast research by Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on understanding attachment This essay is looking at the similarities of two researchers into attachment. The aim is to present their work so as to compare and contrast the different approaches and techniques used by both Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth. Even though they both had their different techniques in carrying out their experiments, the conclusion of their findings was very similar and this essay will be showing these findingsRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Work of Harry Harlow and Mary Anisworth on Understanding Attachment1770 Words   |  8 PagesCompare and Contrast the work of Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on understanding attachment ‘Attachment’ is a lasting secure and positive feeling that bonds one person to another, one of the strongest forms of attachment is thought to develop between a mother and child. Many psychologist, sociologist, physicians and psychoanalysts have sought to explore the fundamental nature of attachment and how it had evolved. Within this essay I shall examine †¢ The origins of attachment †¢ Psychologist who seekRead MorePsy 244 Essay10464 Words   |  42 PagesImmanuel Kant 1724-1804) ïÆ'  Nurture (environmentalism): emphasizes effects of experience on a passive mind; likens mind to â€Å"empty slate†; knowledge is based on experience; no innate ideas (John Locke 1632-1704) ïÆ'  Gene-environment interaction: genes never work in isolation, but always in combination with environmental influences 5. The English philosopher John Locke described the childs mind as a tabula rasa. He was referring to its initial quality, or state. What did he mean? ïÆ'  Blank slate; knowledge

Harassment and Abuse of Women in the Military Essay

Women all around the world who are in the military are constantly getting harassed and raped by the soldiers and there is nothing that anybody is doing about it. There are many solutions that have been tried to prevent women abuse in the military, but many of them have failed. For example, the government, a few years ago made it clear that they were not going to tolerate any harassments from anybody, yet they did not keep their word. A few years ago, the government tried to prevent women from getting abused, by just warning the men to not to do it again. Apparently, that solution did not work out very well. Up until now there are women that are still getting harassed and raped, yet the only thing that is being done,†¦show more content†¦Another thing the Department of Defense could do is make the men write a letter of reprimand. A letter of reprimand is a letter stating that you have been accused of doing whatever it is that you might have done wrong. To some people that letter of reprimand sounds like, â€Å"Oh Wow, what a punishment.† But the fact is that this letter stays on your record. Enrique Benavides believes that if the government wants women to be safe in the military, then higher ranking people should be the ones setting the examples. â€Å"Men usually tend to follow what their superiors do. If the superiors do not do it, then lower ranking men should not have any reason to say they saw someone else doing it.† A girl from Texas AM University Corpus Christi, whose name I cannot mention, said that she thinks government of the Department of Defense should hire some researchers to make a pill to stop men from being horny. â€Å"If they can make a pill for men to perform better, then they should be able to make a pill for them not to have sex.† This girl’s prospective I hope would be taken seriously on a national level. People think that it is a dumb thing to say, but it really is not if you take the time and think about it. There are many different ways for the abuse of women to decline in the military. One thing is, which ones are going to be the solutions? Locally we don’t have as much of a problem with anyone harassing anyone else atShow MoreRelatedEssay about Is the exclusion of women from frontline combat sexism?1103 Words   |  5 PagesExcluding women from frontline combat is essentially sexist. Regardless of the many substantial contributions women have made to the United States military from the American Revolutionary war to the contemporary Iraq and Afghanistan wars, it has long been a sanctuary of masculinity, which consequently, has resulted in the organization’s steadfast resistance against women’s direct martial participation. The opponents of women frontline combat argue that females are unable to execute the requiredRead MoreEssay on Military Women Should NOT Be Allowed in Combat Positions1724 Words   |  7 Pages     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In late 1990 and early 1991, thousands of American women marched off to the desert sands of the Middle East to serve in a war that brought women closer to combat than ever before. Although restricting women from occupying military jobs that would put them into direct contact with the enemy can be interpreted as a form of sex discrimination, as a female veteran of Operation Desert Storm, I believe that the restriction should remain as it is. Lifting this ban would not be a strategic moveRead MoreSocial Learning Theory And Cognitive Theories Of Learning1146 Words   |  5 Pagesbehaviors, whereas imitation usually involves copying a single behavior. Misogyny is defined as the hatred, dislike, or mistrust of women, or prejudice against women. Misogyny can be manifested in numerous ways, such as hostility, belittling of women, and sexual objectification of women, the social exclusion of women, sex discrimination, patriarchy, and violence against women. Sociologist Allan G. Johnson argues that misogyny is an important basis for the oppression of females in male-dominated societiesRead MoreSame Sex Harassment Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesSame Sex Harassment Joseph Oncale was employed from August to November of 1991 by Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., as a roustabout on a sea-based oil rig for $7 an hour. He had worked on offshore rigs before (and does today), but says hes never encountered such abusive treatment as when he signed on with Sundowner. Oncale claims that while on the job he was sexually harassed by three male Sundowner employees: John Lyons, his supervisor; and Danny Pippen and Brandon Johnson, two co-workersRead MoreEssay on Sexual Harassment1046 Words   |  5 Pagesthat claim they were a victim of sexual pressure. These instances can take place at work, school, the military and even at church. But exactly what is sexual exploitation or unwanted sexual behavior? After looking at several definitions for sexual abuse I came across the following definition that I feel will help all of us to better understand what inappropriate sexual behavior is. Sexual harassment was defined by The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) as unwelcome advances and requestsRead MoreEssay about Sexual Tolerance of Gays in the Military1252 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Tolerance of Gays in the Military In 1999, more than 1,000 men and women were discharged from military service due to their sexuality. That number has actually decreased compared to recent years. (Suro NP) Homosexuals were purged from federal employment in 1950, with Bill Clinton updating that policy in 1993 by adding the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue† policy. (Deicher 176) This policy doesn’t work and needs to either be updated again or the ban against homosexuals lifted. Read MoreEssay on Dont Ask, Dont Tell1447 Words   |  6 Pagespolicy of â€Å"Don’t Ask Don’t Tell† actually supports the both values of the military and the rights of homosexuals. As a result, â€Å"Don’t Ask Don’t Tell† is needed to protect homosexual service members and is crucial in securing military effectiveness. Throughout history openly practicing homosexuals have not been accepted in the United States Armed Forces. During the American Revolution and the Civil War, while no military code actually addressed homosexuals, anyone found committing homosexual actsRead MoreThe Penguin Atlas Of Women895 Words   |  4 Pages The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World by Joni Seager discusses the inequality around the globe with a focus on women with an objection to raise awareness to the public. Eager states â€Å"As we enter the 21st century, we need public and civic leaders who will build on these feminist foundations to make unflinching real- not rhetorical- commitments to social justice for women† (Seager 9-10). Seager presents an intriguing idea stating that â€Å"leaders† in office must understand the full extent of how seriousRead MoreSoldier Girls Weaves Together The Tales Of Three Women1117 Words   |  5 PagesHelen Thorpe’s novel Soldier Girls weaves together the tal es of three women, Michelle Fischer, Debbie Helton, and Desma Brooks, in the Indiana National Guard who deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq. Although quite an age difference exists between these three women and each holds opposing political views, they come together to be close friends in the end. These soldiers from the Indiana National Guard – one an eighteen-year-old struggling college student, one a single mom of three, and one a lively forty-one-year-oldRead MoreToday’s Soldier: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesdifficulty remembering things, and experience hearing or seeing things that are not there. Furthermore, it is common for them to develop poor self-esteem, have poor relationships, self-destructive behavior, hopelessness about the future, substance abuse, and anti social behavior along with depression. Soldiers with PTSD may tend to avoid people, places, and things that remind them of the event. They often avoid thinking or talking about the traumatic event, seek isolation, and are highly sensitive

The Image of God Essay Example For Students

The Image of God Essay Introduction Imago Dei, or the image of God, is the concept from the religious doctrine according to which people are created in Gods image. In fact, the image of God has been the subject of many theological debates.   The doctrine emphasizes Christ’s presence in the world reflecting through humanity. Therefore, this basic doctrine becomes the primary teaching that states that people are made in the â€Å"imago Dei.† The Account in Genesis There is a single verse of scripture that put the basis for the concept of the Imago Dei. According to the verse, God created man in the image of himself. Therefore, at the beginning stage, it is crucial to examine the account of the image of God in Genesis to understand the history of the religious debate. The verse is taken from the chapter that describes how God created the world, and, after that, he created humans in the image of himself. God created a humanity that became the climax of the created order. The environment in which man and woman would live was supposed to be his and her governed area. In other words, God placed humanity in a unique position within himself. Therefore, people were established in friendship with their Creator. Only in free obedience to God, a man may live in harmony. Then, a well-known story of the Fall demonstrates that being created within the image of God, humans should recognize their insurmountable limits. According to the concept, people are primarily depended on their Creator, and human sins make the trust in God die. Hence, any subsequent sin may be considered as the disobedience toward Creator and the lack of trust and spirituality that is also greatly affected by the Fall. There is also the passage from the Genesis that â€Å"God is love, and he who abides in love abides in God.† Love in an inevitable part of the Christian image of God. Besides, it should be mentioned that a foundation in Christ’s love for humanity represents a changing understanding of each human’s dignity, vocation, ability to love, and the mission. Augustine One of the persons who greatly contributed to the development of the primary stage of the understanding of the Imago Dei was Augustine.   According to his work, people have been created within the image with the interior ability to participate in Wisdom that is the life of the true image of Creator. Augustine believed that humanity is not primarily the image of God as one may think. Rather people are placed in a special form of relationship with the Creator. This peculiar relationship is what differentiates humans from all other creatures in the world. Besides, every individual possesses a kind of â€Å"likeness† to God.   However, there is a basic intrinsic difference between creator and humans – while God is immutable, human beings are mutable. Therefore, in brief, at the very core of Augustine’s theory, humans are made with a particular dignity. Besides, all people have the potential to become close to God or distance oneself from him. Aquinas Aquinas greatly contributed to the next stage in the debate on the â€Å"imago Dei.† In general terms, Aquinas accepted and even promoted the thoughts once expressed by Augustin. He strongly believed that humanity is in a special relationship with the Creator. However, the writer focused not solely on the motif of the image of God but more on human â€Å"likeness† to God. Aquinas was much more interested in the scientific questions of how humans may know God. In his works, Aquinas states that humans are like God only in terms of analogy. Because of the well-known story of Adam’s sin, human likeness to God is colored by sins. Therefore, the likeness greatly decreased after the Fall. .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d , .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d .postImageUrl , .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d , .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d:hover , .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d:visited , .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d:active { border:0!important; } .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d:active , .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u31ae2509109eea493f741325efecb46d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Russian Geography and its affect on Society EssayIt was primarily Aquinas who questioned the theological starting point. In fact, he tried to question not only the existence of humanity but also God’s existence. He concluded that the very essence of the Creator is to exist as he is an uncaused cause of all things in the world. Therefore, due to this reason God is true human identity. Also, Aquinas stated that people have a chance to participate in the life of God through the grace of Christ. Overall, according to the teachings of Aquinas, the likeness to God discussed above plays a crucial role in the special relationship people have with God. Luther Luther was another thinker who contributed to the next stage of the concept formation of the image of God. In fact, he believed that people’s creation in the image of God does not assume a human ability to prepare for God’s justice. Although his views on the topic are often compared to the views proposed primarily by Augustine, Luther tried to question the true teaching of scripture and tried to reconsider what does it mean that humans are made in God’s image. According to Luther’s teachings, the human ability to make moral choices is completely unconnected with God’s justice. He emphasized that a blind and captive man easily perpetuates things that are offensive to God. Therefore, not all humans should be considered as rational creatures. Luther’s stage is important for the development of religious thinking. In fact, he puts a different emphasis, stressing the ways how human identities can be determined in terms of Christ’s justification. His new model cuts through the primary preoccupation with human ability with God’s grace to become once again like God. Calvin The next stage is the teaching of John Calvin that states that all people are made in the â€Å"imago Dei.† However, when the Fall took place, the image and the likeness between Creator and humans were distorted to the ways that people became incapable of communicating directly with God. After the Fall, the distance between Creator and humans became more clear. The likeness between them decreased as, unlike God, people passively accepted their righteousness. He also mentioned that people should not doubt the existence of God. The main reason for that is that due to the existence of the â€Å"imago Dei,† his existence is indisputable, and it is something that cannot be understood completely by human perception. People may get the knowledge of the â€Å"imago Dei† and of God himself only through scripture. As it was already mentioned, after the Fall, people became completely incapable of maintaining the right relationship with God. They became the victims of sins that were against any moral laws. The belief in the â€Å"imago Dei† states that the salvation for humans comes only through their faith. Only God may open human eyes to the moral laws and take away their sins. Although the faith itself has no power, it shows righteousness for people.   Calvin stated that in case humans accept the concept of â€Å"imago Deo,† then they should be likely to know that God promotes salvation and condemnation. Summing up, the teachings of Luther and Calvin represent an obvious shift in the understanding of how people are made in the â€Å"imago Dei.†   Christ’s actions may be traced only in the life of a believed. Only having a strong faith people are likely to find their way back to God. Besides, their teachings open one’s eye to the fact that the fact that people were created in the â€Å"imago Dei† does not mean that they are involved in a reciprocal relationship with the Creator.